2018 |
Figueroa-Millon, S; Alvarez-Serrano, I; Berardan, D; Galdámez, A Synthesis and Transport Properties of P-Type Lead-Free Agsnmsbse2tem Thermoelectric Systems Artículo de revista Materials Chemistry and Physics, 211 , pp. 321-328, 2018, ISSN: 0254-0584. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: agpbmsbte2+m, chemical diffraction, efficiency, electron figure, high hrtem, materials, merit, microscopy nanostructured performance, synthesis, thermoelectric thermoelectrics, transmission x-ray x=0 @article{RN400, title = {Synthesis and Transport Properties of P-Type Lead-Free Agsnmsbse2tem Thermoelectric Systems}, author = { S. Figueroa-Millon and I. Alvarez-Serrano and D. Berardan and A. Gald\'{a}mez}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000430774300040}, doi = {10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.02.047}, issn = {0254-0584}, year = {2018}, date = {2018-01-01}, journal = {Materials Chemistry and Physics}, volume = {211}, pages = {321-328}, publisher = {2018 Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {We report the synthesis, characterization and thermoelectric properties of lead-free AgSnmSbSe2Tem (m = 2 and 10) systems. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns and Rietveld refinement results were consistent with phases belonging to the Pm (3) over barm space group. The microstructures and morphologies of these systems were investigated using scanning electron microcopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Parallelepiped bars for transport measurements were prepared using two methods: the classical method (CM) from melted samples and the spark plasma sintering (SPS). The AgSnmSbSe2Tem (m = 2 and 10) systems exhibited typical degenerate semiconductor behavior, with a carrier concentration of approximately +10(21) cm(-3). We determined that the Seebeck coefficient can be substantially increased from approximately +40 V K-1 (CM) to +70 mu V K-1 (SPS) in AgSn2SbSe2Te2 at room temperature. Consequently, the power factor (S(2)cr) was similar to 22 W cm(-1) K-2. On the basis of the electrical and thermal transport properties, ZT values of similar to 0.10 were obtained at room temperature.}, keywords = {agpbmsbte2+m, chemical diffraction, efficiency, electron figure, high hrtem, materials, merit, microscopy nanostructured performance, synthesis, thermoelectric thermoelectrics, transmission x-ray x=0}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } We report the synthesis, characterization and thermoelectric properties of lead-free AgSnmSbSe2Tem (m = 2 and 10) systems. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns and Rietveld refinement results were consistent with phases belonging to the Pm (3) over barm space group. The microstructures and morphologies of these systems were investigated using scanning electron microcopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Parallelepiped bars for transport measurements were prepared using two methods: the classical method (CM) from melted samples and the spark plasma sintering (SPS). The AgSnmSbSe2Tem (m = 2 and 10) systems exhibited typical degenerate semiconductor behavior, with a carrier concentration of approximately +10(21) cm(-3). We determined that the Seebeck coefficient can be substantially increased from approximately +40 V K-1 (CM) to +70 mu V K-1 (SPS) in AgSn2SbSe2Te2 at room temperature. Consequently, the power factor (S(2)cr) was similar to 22 W cm(-1) K-2. On the basis of the electrical and thermal transport properties, ZT values of similar to 0.10 were obtained at room temperature. |
2017 |
Diaz, C; Valenzuela, M L; Garcia, C; Campa, De La R; Soto, A P Solid-State Synthesis of Pure and Doped Lanthanide Oxide Nanomaterials by Using Polymer Templates. Study of Their Luminescent Properties Artículo de revista Materials Letters, 209 , pp. 111-114, 2017, ISSN: 0167-577x. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: chitosan, europium-doped, facile lanthanide nanocrystals, oxide, polymer-templated, scale supracrystals, synthesis, y2o3-eu @article{RN360, title = {Solid-State Synthesis of Pure and Doped Lanthanide Oxide Nanomaterials by Using Polymer Templates. Study of Their Luminescent Properties}, author = { C. Diaz and M.L. Valenzuela and C. Garcia and R. De La Campa and A.P. Soto}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000413124300029}, doi = {10.1016/j.matlet.2017.07.112}, issn = {0167-577x}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, journal = {Materials Letters}, volume = {209}, pages = {111-114}, publisher = {2017 Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {We herein reports the solid-state synthesis of pure and doped lanthanide oxides by using polymeric materials (chitosan and polystyrene-co-poly(4-vinylpyridine), PS-co-P4VP) as a solid template. Lanthanide nanomaterials are prepared in two-step methodology combining both solution and solid procedures. The first involves the synthesis of macromolecular complexes Chitosan.[M(NO3)(3)//M'(NO3)(3)] and PS-co-P4VP.[M(NO3)(3)//M'(NO3)(3)] (M = La, Pr; M' = Eu); and the second consists in the pyrolysis at 800 degrees C of the as-prepared solid macromolecular complexes. The pyrolytic products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDS, TEM, and HR-TEM. Whereas similar particle size distribution in average (ca. 25 nm) was observed with both polymer templates, a higher degree of crystallinity was obtained by using PS-co-P4VP. Importantly, the emission luminescent intensity of the doped pyrolytic oxides, La2O3//Eu2O3 and PrO1,83//Eu2O3, is not quenched despite the presence of dopant. Thus, the as-prepared doped oxides exhibit an enhanced Eu3+ emission originated from the D-5(0) -> F-7(n) (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) transitions, which is more intense for the PS-co-P4VP template. This synthetic methodology base on the pyrolysis of polymeric complexes can be considered as a general and straightforward methodology leading to pure and Eu3+-doped nanostructured lanthanide oxide.}, keywords = {chitosan, europium-doped, facile lanthanide nanocrystals, oxide, polymer-templated, scale supracrystals, synthesis, y2o3-eu}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } We herein reports the solid-state synthesis of pure and doped lanthanide oxides by using polymeric materials (chitosan and polystyrene-co-poly(4-vinylpyridine), PS-co-P4VP) as a solid template. Lanthanide nanomaterials are prepared in two-step methodology combining both solution and solid procedures. The first involves the synthesis of macromolecular complexes Chitosan.[M(NO3)(3)//M'(NO3)(3)] and PS-co-P4VP.[M(NO3)(3)//M'(NO3)(3)] (M = La, Pr; M' = Eu); and the second consists in the pyrolysis at 800 degrees C of the as-prepared solid macromolecular complexes. The pyrolytic products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM-EDS, TEM, and HR-TEM. Whereas similar particle size distribution in average (ca. 25 nm) was observed with both polymer templates, a higher degree of crystallinity was obtained by using PS-co-P4VP. Importantly, the emission luminescent intensity of the doped pyrolytic oxides, La2O3//Eu2O3 and PrO1,83//Eu2O3, is not quenched despite the presence of dopant. Thus, the as-prepared doped oxides exhibit an enhanced Eu3+ emission originated from the D-5(0) -> F-7(n) (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) transitions, which is more intense for the PS-co-P4VP template. This synthetic methodology base on the pyrolysis of polymeric complexes can be considered as a general and straightforward methodology leading to pure and Eu3+-doped nanostructured lanthanide oxide. |
Aliaga, J A; Zepeda, T N; Pawelec, B N; Araya, J F; Antunez-Garcia, J; Farias, M H; Fuentes, S; Galvan, D; Alonso-Nunez, G; González, G Microspherical Res2 as a High-Performance Hydrodesulfurization Catalyst Artículo de revista Catalysis Letters, 147 (5), pp. 1243-1251, 2017, ISSN: 1011-372x. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: carbon, catalysis, composites, dichalcogenides, disulfide, evolution, heterogeneous hidrodesulfurization, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrogen molybdenum-disulfide, nanoparticles, nanosized rhenium solvothermal sulfide, sulfides, synthesis, technetium transition-metal @article{RN349, title = {Microspherical Res2 as a High-Performance Hydrodesulfurization Catalyst}, author = { J.A. Aliaga and T.N. Zepeda and B.N. Pawelec and J.F. Araya and J. Antunez-Garcia and M.H. Farias and S. Fuentes and D. Galvan and G. Alonso-Nunez and G. Gonz\'{a}lez}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000400356200016}, doi = {10.1007/s10562-017-2024-6}, issn = {1011-372x}, year = {2017}, date = {2017-01-01}, journal = {Catalysis Letters}, volume = {147}, number = {5}, pages = {1243-1251}, abstract = {An unsupported microspherical ReS2 catalyst, consisting in self-assembled nano-layers, was evaluated in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of 3-methylthiophene showing an excellent catalytic activity. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These techniques revealed that the rhenium disulfide layers are confined to a 3D hierarchical structure with different stacking, slab size and bending, according to the annealing temperature (400 or 800 A degrees C). The presence of a defect-rich structure in the microspheres, with short and randomly-orientated ReS2 slabs, results in the exposure of additional edge sites, which improve the catalytic performance of this material. This microspherical ReS2 composite, with good HDS performance, is a promising catalyst for the desulfurization of fuel oils; the solvothermal reaction conditions are also useful to tune and create exotic morphologies for the design of new ReS2 catalysts.}, keywords = {carbon, catalysis, composites, dichalcogenides, disulfide, evolution, heterogeneous hidrodesulfurization, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrogen molybdenum-disulfide, nanoparticles, nanosized rhenium solvothermal sulfide, sulfides, synthesis, technetium transition-metal}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } An unsupported microspherical ReS2 catalyst, consisting in self-assembled nano-layers, was evaluated in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of 3-methylthiophene showing an excellent catalytic activity. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These techniques revealed that the rhenium disulfide layers are confined to a 3D hierarchical structure with different stacking, slab size and bending, according to the annealing temperature (400 or 800 A degrees C). The presence of a defect-rich structure in the microspheres, with short and randomly-orientated ReS2 slabs, results in the exposure of additional edge sites, which improve the catalytic performance of this material. This microspherical ReS2 composite, with good HDS performance, is a promising catalyst for the desulfurization of fuel oils; the solvothermal reaction conditions are also useful to tune and create exotic morphologies for the design of new ReS2 catalysts. |
2016 |
Moris, S; Galdámez, A; Jara, P; Saitz-Barria, C Synthesis of Novel P-Tert-Butylcalix[4]Arene Derivative: Structural Characterization of a Methanol Inclusion Compound Artículo de revista Crystals, 6 (9), 2016, ISSN: 2073-4352. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: calix[4]arene, crystal crystal-structure structure, synthesis @article{RN310, title = {Synthesis of Novel P-Tert-Butylcalix[4]Arene Derivative: Structural Characterization of a Methanol Inclusion Compound}, author = { S. Moris and A. Gald\'{a}mez and P. Jara and C. Saitz-Barria}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000384529800014}, doi = {10.3390/cryst6090114}, issn = {2073-4352}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-01-01}, journal = {Crystals}, volume = {6}, number = {9}, abstract = {A p-tertbutylcalix[4]arene derivative was synthesized from a reaction of the diisothiocyanate p-tertbutylcalix[4]arene, obtaining crystals that were then characterized by mass spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecule presents two acid carbamothioic-n-ethoxy-methyl-ester substituent groups. Through crystallization of this compound, it was also found that it includes a methanol molecule within the aromatic cavity. The inclusion of the methanol molecule is due to favorable CH center dot center dot center dot pi interactions.}, keywords = {calix[4]arene, crystal crystal-structure structure, synthesis}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } A p-tertbutylcalix[4]arene derivative was synthesized from a reaction of the diisothiocyanate p-tertbutylcalix[4]arene, obtaining crystals that were then characterized by mass spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The molecule presents two acid carbamothioic-n-ethoxy-methyl-ester substituent groups. Through crystallization of this compound, it was also found that it includes a methanol molecule within the aromatic cavity. The inclusion of the methanol molecule is due to favorable CH center dot center dot center dot pi interactions. |
Polo, E; Trilleras, J; Ramos, J; Galdámez, A; Quiroga, J; Gutierrez, M Efficient Mw-Assisted Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, X-Ray and Antioxidant Properties of Indazole Derivatives Artículo de revista Molecules, 21 (7), 2016, ISSN: 1420-3049. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: antioxidant chemistry, discovery, drug green heterocyclic impact, inhibitors, irradiation, microwave microwave, modern organic-synthesis, pyrazoles, synthesis, tetrahydroindazole @article{RN311, title = {Efficient Mw-Assisted Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, X-Ray and Antioxidant Properties of Indazole Derivatives}, author = { E. Polo and J. Trilleras and J. Ramos and A. Gald\'{a}mez and J. Quiroga and M. Gutierrez}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000381509700087}, doi = {UNSP 903, 10.3390/molecules21070903}, issn = {1420-3049}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-01-01}, journal = {Molecules}, volume = {21}, number = {7}, abstract = {A small series of tetrahydroindazoles was prepared, starting from 2-acetylcyclohexanone and different hydrazines using reflux and a focused microwave reactor. Microwave irradiation (MW) favored the formation of the desired products with improved yields and shortened reaction times. This is a simple and green method for the synthesis of substituted tetrahydroindazole derivatives. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH and ABTS methods. In these assays, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazole (3f) showed moderate DPPH decoloring activity, while 3-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole (3a), 3-methyl-2-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazole (3b) and 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazole (3f) were the most active in the ABTS assay. All compounds were well characterized by IR, H-1-, C-13-NMR and GC-MS spectroscopy and physical data, while the structure of 4-(3-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazol-2-yl)benzoic acid (3e) was also determined by single crystal X-ray analysis.}, keywords = {antioxidant chemistry, discovery, drug green heterocyclic impact, inhibitors, irradiation, microwave microwave, modern organic-synthesis, pyrazoles, synthesis, tetrahydroindazole}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } A small series of tetrahydroindazoles was prepared, starting from 2-acetylcyclohexanone and different hydrazines using reflux and a focused microwave reactor. Microwave irradiation (MW) favored the formation of the desired products with improved yields and shortened reaction times. This is a simple and green method for the synthesis of substituted tetrahydroindazole derivatives. The in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH and ABTS methods. In these assays, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazole (3f) showed moderate DPPH decoloring activity, while 3-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indazole (3a), 3-methyl-2-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazole (3b) and 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazole (3f) were the most active in the ABTS assay. All compounds were well characterized by IR, H-1-, C-13-NMR and GC-MS spectroscopy and physical data, while the structure of 4-(3-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazol-2-yl)benzoic acid (3e) was also determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. |
Aliaga, J A; Alonso-Nunez, G; Zepeda, T; Araya, J F; Rubio, P F; Bedolla-Valdez, Z; Paraguay-Delgado, F; Farias, M H; Fuentes, S; González, G Synthesis of Highly Destacked Res2 Layers Embedded in Amorphous Carbon from a Metal-Organic Precursor Artículo de revista Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 447 , pp. 29-34, 2016, ISSN: 0022-3093. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: amorphous catalysts, chemical disulfide, hds hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrothermal materials, mos2, nanostructured rhenium sulfide, synthesis @article{RN297, title = {Synthesis of Highly Destacked Res2 Layers Embedded in Amorphous Carbon from a Metal-Organic Precursor}, author = { J.A. Aliaga and G. Alonso-Nunez and T. Zepeda and J.F. Araya and P.F. Rubio and Z. Bedolla-Valdez and F. Paraguay-Delgado and M.H. Farias and S. Fuentes and G. Gonz\'{a}lez}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000381841200005}, doi = {10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2016.05.033}, issn = {0022-3093}, year = {2016}, date = {2016-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids}, volume = {447}, pages = {29-34}, publisher = {2016 Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {In the current study, a new approach to the synthesis of highly destacked ReS2 layers embedded in amorphous carbon via the thermal decomposition of a tetraoctylammonium perrhenate precursor, under sulfidizing atmosphere (15% v/v H2S mixture H2S/H-2 gas), is described. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the thermolysis product confirm the formation of rhenium disulfide. The synthesized compound is found as single layers with a minor proportion of few-layer arrangements, embedded in amorphous carbon. Xray diffraction, UV-visible diffuse reflectance, and thermogravimetry analysis were made in order to characterize the metal-organic salt precursor, showing that the perrhenate ions are dispersed widely from each other in the matrix of the organic cations, forming an inorganic-organic salt. The special arrangement of these ReS2 layers has a potential use as a heterogeneous catalyst due to the high proportion of edge sites.}, keywords = {amorphous catalysts, chemical disulfide, hds hydrodenitrogenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrothermal materials, mos2, nanostructured rhenium sulfide, synthesis}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In the current study, a new approach to the synthesis of highly destacked ReS2 layers embedded in amorphous carbon via the thermal decomposition of a tetraoctylammonium perrhenate precursor, under sulfidizing atmosphere (15% v/v H2S mixture H2S/H-2 gas), is described. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the thermolysis product confirm the formation of rhenium disulfide. The synthesized compound is found as single layers with a minor proportion of few-layer arrangements, embedded in amorphous carbon. Xray diffraction, UV-visible diffuse reflectance, and thermogravimetry analysis were made in order to characterize the metal-organic salt precursor, showing that the perrhenate ions are dispersed widely from each other in the matrix of the organic cations, forming an inorganic-organic salt. The special arrangement of these ReS2 layers has a potential use as a heterogeneous catalyst due to the high proportion of edge sites. |
2015 |
Ramirez-Maureira, M; Vargas, C V; Riveros, A; Goulet, P J G; Osorio-Roman, I O Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Fluorescence (Shinef) of Cdte Quantum Dots Artículo de revista Materials Chemistry and Physics, 151 , pp. 351-356, 2015, ISSN: 0254-0584. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: cdse chemical coatings, films, nanostructures, semiconductors, spectrum, surface, synthesis, thin @article{RN267, title = {Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Fluorescence (Shinef) of Cdte Quantum Dots}, author = { M. Ramirez-Maureira and C.V. Vargas and A. Riveros and P.J.G. Goulet and I.O. Osorio-Roman}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000348263600048}, doi = {10.1016/j.matchemphys.2014.12.003}, issn = {0254-0584}, year = {2015}, date = {2015-01-01}, journal = {Materials Chemistry and Physics}, volume = {151}, pages = {351-356}, publisher = {2014 Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {We report shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced fluorescence (SHINEF) of CdTe quantum dots. Enhanced spectra are obtained after Ag SHINs were spread onto homogenous CdTe quantum dot/polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer (LbL) films on quartz. The thin silica shell of the SHINs effectively isolates the Ag cores, preventing short-range quenching to the metal and enabling plasmon enhancement of the quantum dot fluorescence (ca. 35 fold).}, keywords = {cdse chemical coatings, films, nanostructures, semiconductors, spectrum, surface, synthesis, thin}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } We report shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced fluorescence (SHINEF) of CdTe quantum dots. Enhanced spectra are obtained after Ag SHINs were spread onto homogenous CdTe quantum dot/polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer (LbL) films on quartz. The thin silica shell of the SHINs effectively isolates the Ag cores, preventing short-range quenching to the metal and enabling plasmon enhancement of the quantum dot fluorescence (ca. 35 fold). |
2014 |
Tirapegui, C; Toro-Sazo, M A; Cassels, B K Synthesis of N-(Halogenated) Benzyl Analogs of Superpotent Serotonin Ligands Artículo de revista Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 59 (3), pp. 2625-2627, 2014, ISSN: 0717-9707. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: n-benzylphenylethylamine, n-benzyltryptamine, receptor, synthesis @article{RN191, title = {Synthesis of N-(Halogenated) Benzyl Analogs of Superpotent Serotonin Ligands}, author = { C. Tirapegui and M.A. Toro-Sazo and B.K. Cassels}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000347833800022}, doi = {10.4067/S0717-97072014000300022}, issn = {0717-9707}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-01-01}, journal = {Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society}, volume = {59}, number = {3}, pages = {2625-2627}, abstract = {In the last four years a group of extremely potent designer drugs, the N-benzylated phenylethylamines known as the NBOMe series, has surfaced on the street and in the news media. Although data documenting their high affinity and preference for 5-HT2 serotonin receptors abound (5-HT2A receptor activation is generally associated with the action of the "classical" hallucinogens), relatively little is known about the molecular basis of their potency and selectivity. In the setting of a project aiming to evaluate the possible involvement of halogen bonds in the binding of monoaminergic ligands to their receptors, we have begun to synthesize halogenated derivatives of known N-benzylated compounds for their pharmacological study. Here we report the synthesis of new phenylethylamine and tryptamine derivatives incorporating bromine atoms in their N-benzyl moiety.}, keywords = {n-benzylphenylethylamine, n-benzyltryptamine, receptor, synthesis}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } In the last four years a group of extremely potent designer drugs, the N-benzylated phenylethylamines known as the NBOMe series, has surfaced on the street and in the news media. Although data documenting their high affinity and preference for 5-HT2 serotonin receptors abound (5-HT2A receptor activation is generally associated with the action of the "classical" hallucinogens), relatively little is known about the molecular basis of their potency and selectivity. In the setting of a project aiming to evaluate the possible involvement of halogen bonds in the binding of monoaminergic ligands to their receptors, we have begun to synthesize halogenated derivatives of known N-benzylated compounds for their pharmacological study. Here we report the synthesis of new phenylethylamine and tryptamine derivatives incorporating bromine atoms in their N-benzyl moiety. |
Diaz, C; Platoni, S; Molina, A; Valenzuela, M L; Geaney, H; O'dwyer, C Novel Solid-State Route to Nanostructured Tin, Zinc and Cerium Oxides as Potential Materials for Sensors Artículo de revista Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 14 (9), pp. 6748-6753, 2014, ISSN: 1533-4880. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: ceo2, cerium complex, gold metal-oxide, nanoparticles, nanostructures, oxide, polyphosphazenes, ruthenium, sensors, solid state, synthesis, tem, tin zinc @article{RN201, title = {Novel Solid-State Route to Nanostructured Tin, Zinc and Cerium Oxides as Potential Materials for Sensors}, author = { C. Diaz and S. Platoni and A. Molina and M.L. Valenzuela and H. Geaney and C. O'dwyer}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000335873900035}, doi = {10.1166/jnn.2014.9350}, issn = {1533-4880}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology}, volume = {14}, number = {9}, pages = {6748-6753}, abstract = {Solid-state sensor nanostructured materials (SnO2, ZnO and CeO2) have been prepared by pyrolysis of macromolecular complexes: PSP-co-4-PVP center dot (SnCl2)(n), PSP-co-4-PVP center dot (ZnCl2)(n) and PSP-co-4-PVP center dot (Ce(NO3)(3))(n) in several molar ratios under air at 800 degrees C. The as-prepared nanostructured SnO2 exhibits morphologies and particle sizes which are dependent upon the molar ratio of the SnCl2:PSP-co-4-PVR When a larger weight fraction of the inorganic salt in the precursor mixture is used (1:10 > 1:5 > 1.1) larger crystalline crystals are found for each oxide. For ZnO and CeO2 agglomerates of morphologies from the respective hexagonal and cubic structures were observed with typical sizes of 30-50 nm in both cases for a precursor mixture ratio of 1:1.}, keywords = {ceo2, cerium complex, gold metal-oxide, nanoparticles, nanostructures, oxide, polyphosphazenes, ruthenium, sensors, solid state, synthesis, tem, tin zinc}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Solid-state sensor nanostructured materials (SnO2, ZnO and CeO2) have been prepared by pyrolysis of macromolecular complexes: PSP-co-4-PVP center dot (SnCl2)(n), PSP-co-4-PVP center dot (ZnCl2)(n) and PSP-co-4-PVP center dot (Ce(NO3)(3))(n) in several molar ratios under air at 800 degrees C. The as-prepared nanostructured SnO2 exhibits morphologies and particle sizes which are dependent upon the molar ratio of the SnCl2:PSP-co-4-PVR When a larger weight fraction of the inorganic salt in the precursor mixture is used (1:10 > 1:5 > 1.1) larger crystalline crystals are found for each oxide. For ZnO and CeO2 agglomerates of morphologies from the respective hexagonal and cubic structures were observed with typical sizes of 30-50 nm in both cases for a precursor mixture ratio of 1:1. |
Galdámez, A; Lopez-Vergara, F; Cid, N V; Manriquez, V; Avila, R E Copper Substitutions in Synthetic Miargyrite Alpha-Agsbs2 Mineral: Synthesis, Characterization and Dielectrical Properties Artículo de revista Materials Chemistry and Physics, 143 (3), pp. 1372-1377, 2014, ISSN: 0254-0584. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: agsbs2, chalcogenides, chemical conductivity, dielectric diffraction, direct-band-gap, electrical optical-properties, powder properties, spectra, synthesis, tl @article{RN204, title = {Copper Substitutions in Synthetic Miargyrite Alpha-Agsbs2 Mineral: Synthesis, Characterization and Dielectrical Properties}, author = {A. Gald\'{a}mez and F. Lopez-Vergara and N.V. Cid and V. Manriquez and R.E. Avila}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000331347500066}, doi = {10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.11.048}, issn = {0254-0584}, year = {2014}, date = {2014-01-01}, journal = {Materials Chemistry and Physics}, volume = {143}, number = {3}, pages = {1372-1377}, publisher = {2013 Elsevier B.V.}, abstract = {The nominal compositions Ag0.8Cu0.2SbS2 and Ag0.7Cu0.3SbS2 have been synthesized by conventional ceramic solid-state reaction at high temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy chemical analysis (SEM-EDAX) revealed single phases, isostructural to the natural miargyrite alpha-AgSbS2 mineral. Examination of the lattice parameters shows a decrease in the cell volume with increasing copper substitutions. The Raman analysis displays absorptions which may be assigned to the Sb-S stretching vibrations of the SbS3 pyramids. The impedance-frequency analysis showed grain boundary and electrode interface contributions in non-Debye type relaxation, following Jonscher's universal power law. The giant permittivity response is attributed to extrinsic effects without evidence of a ferroelectric transition. Summerfield scaling, leading to the superposition of impedance analysis, implies that the relaxation is thermally activated, without introducing more than one underlying transport mechanism.}, keywords = {agsbs2, chalcogenides, chemical conductivity, dielectric diffraction, direct-band-gap, electrical optical-properties, powder properties, spectra, synthesis, tl}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The nominal compositions Ag0.8Cu0.2SbS2 and Ag0.7Cu0.3SbS2 have been synthesized by conventional ceramic solid-state reaction at high temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy chemical analysis (SEM-EDAX) revealed single phases, isostructural to the natural miargyrite alpha-AgSbS2 mineral. Examination of the lattice parameters shows a decrease in the cell volume with increasing copper substitutions. The Raman analysis displays absorptions which may be assigned to the Sb-S stretching vibrations of the SbS3 pyramids. The impedance-frequency analysis showed grain boundary and electrode interface contributions in non-Debye type relaxation, following Jonscher's universal power law. The giant permittivity response is attributed to extrinsic effects without evidence of a ferroelectric transition. Summerfield scaling, leading to the superposition of impedance analysis, implies that the relaxation is thermally activated, without introducing more than one underlying transport mechanism. |
2013 |
Lopez-Vergara, F; Galdámez, A; Manriquez, V; Barahona, P; Pena, O Cu2mn1-Xcoxsns4: Novel Kesterite Type Solid Solutions Artículo de revista Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 198 , pp. 386-391, 2013, ISSN: 0022-4596. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: alloys, chalcogenide, chalcogenides, crystal crystal-structures, gap, kesterite, mixed-crystals, series, solar-cells, solution stannite, structure, synthesis, tetrahedra volumes, zn @article{RN147, title = {Cu2mn1-Xcoxsns4: Novel Kesterite Type Solid Solutions}, author = { F. Lopez-Vergara and A. Gald\'{a}mez and V. Manriquez and P. Barahona and O. Pena}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000314320800056}, doi = {10.1016/j.jssc.2012.10.026}, issn = {0022-4596}, year = {2013}, date = {2013-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Solid State Chemistry}, volume = {198}, pages = {386-391}, publisher = {2012 Published by Elsevier Inc.}, abstract = {A new family of Cu2Mn1-xCoxSnS4 chalcogenides has been synthesized by conventional solid-state reactions at 850 degrees C. The reactions products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility. The crystal structures of two members of the solid solution series Cu2Mn0.4Co0.6SnS4 and Cu2Mn0.2Co0.8SnS4 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both phases crystallize in the tetragonal kesterite-type structure (space group I (4) over bar). The distortions of the tetrahedral volume of Cu2Mn0.4 Co0.6SnS4 and Cu2Mn0.2Co0.8SnS4 were calculated and compared with the corresponding differences in the Cu2MnSnS4 (stannite-type) end-member. The compounds show nearly the same Raman spectral features. Temperature-dependent magnetization measurements (ZFC/FC) and high-temperature susceptibility indicate that these solid solutions are antiferromagnetic.}, keywords = {alloys, chalcogenide, chalcogenides, crystal crystal-structures, gap, kesterite, mixed-crystals, series, solar-cells, solution stannite, structure, synthesis, tetrahedra volumes, zn}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } A new family of Cu2Mn1-xCoxSnS4 chalcogenides has been synthesized by conventional solid-state reactions at 850 degrees C. The reactions products were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS), Raman spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility. The crystal structures of two members of the solid solution series Cu2Mn0.4Co0.6SnS4 and Cu2Mn0.2Co0.8SnS4 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Both phases crystallize in the tetragonal kesterite-type structure (space group I (4) over bar). The distortions of the tetrahedral volume of Cu2Mn0.4 Co0.6SnS4 and Cu2Mn0.2Co0.8SnS4 were calculated and compared with the corresponding differences in the Cu2MnSnS4 (stannite-type) end-member. The compounds show nearly the same Raman spectral features. Temperature-dependent magnetization measurements (ZFC/FC) and high-temperature susceptibility indicate that these solid solutions are antiferromagnetic. |
2012 |
Leyton, P; Saladino, R; Crestini, C; Campos-Vallette, M; Paipa, C; Berrios, A; Fuentes, S; Zarate, R A Influence of Tio2 on Prebiotic Thermal Synthesis of the Gly-Gln Polymer Artículo de revista Amino Acids, 42 (6), pp. 2079-2088, 2012, ISSN: 0939-4451. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: amino-acids, chemistry, condensation conditions, crystalline diketopiperazine, dioxide, dynamics, earth formation ft-ir glutamic glycine, peptide prebiotic primitive reaction, self-disproportionation, spectra, spectroscopy, synthesis, thermal titanium vibrational @article{RN29d, title = {Influence of Tio2 on Prebiotic Thermal Synthesis of the Gly-Gln Polymer}, author = { P. Leyton and R. Saladino and C. Crestini and M. Campos-Vallette and C. Paipa and A. Berrios and S. Fuentes and R.A. Zarate}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000304150300004}, doi = {10.1007/s00726-011-0939-6}, issn = {0939-4451}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-01-01}, journal = {Amino Acids}, volume = {42}, number = {6}, pages = {2079-2088}, abstract = {The role of the titanium dioxide (rutile and anatase) with and without room light on the thermal synthesis of the glycine--glutamine (Gly-Gln) polymer is described. The efficiency in percentage of polymerization with room light was increased in 6% in the presence of rutile and in 23% in the presence of anatase. The thermal synthesis in the molten state was carried out in the absence and presence of both oxides. In all cases, the vibrational spectra showed characteristic group frequencies corresponding to a polypeptide structure. No spectral differences were observed by room light effect on the polymer on rutile. However, the polymer obtained in the presence of anatase and room light shows spectral changes associated with the formation of shorter new abundant and conformationally different species compared with the original polymer. The SEM-EDX characterization of the solid phase involved in the thermal synthesis showed that the morphology of the polypeptide is different in the presence of rutile compared to anatase. The SDS-PAGE and GPC results suggest that smaller chains are formed in the presence of both oxides and the distribution of the size and weight of each polymer molecule is completely different when the condensation is performed in the presence of anatase or rutile. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirmed the incorporation of both Gly and Gln residues in the polymers, with a prevalence of Gly. Both possible sequences -GlyGln- and -GlnGly- were also detected.}, keywords = {amino-acids, chemistry, condensation conditions, crystalline diketopiperazine, dioxide, dynamics, earth formation ft-ir glutamic glycine, peptide prebiotic primitive reaction, self-disproportionation, spectra, spectroscopy, synthesis, thermal titanium vibrational}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The role of the titanium dioxide (rutile and anatase) with and without room light on the thermal synthesis of the glycine--glutamine (Gly-Gln) polymer is described. The efficiency in percentage of polymerization with room light was increased in 6% in the presence of rutile and in 23% in the presence of anatase. The thermal synthesis in the molten state was carried out in the absence and presence of both oxides. In all cases, the vibrational spectra showed characteristic group frequencies corresponding to a polypeptide structure. No spectral differences were observed by room light effect on the polymer on rutile. However, the polymer obtained in the presence of anatase and room light shows spectral changes associated with the formation of shorter new abundant and conformationally different species compared with the original polymer. The SEM-EDX characterization of the solid phase involved in the thermal synthesis showed that the morphology of the polypeptide is different in the presence of rutile compared to anatase. The SDS-PAGE and GPC results suggest that smaller chains are formed in the presence of both oxides and the distribution of the size and weight of each polymer molecule is completely different when the condensation is performed in the presence of anatase or rutile. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses confirmed the incorporation of both Gly and Gln residues in the polymers, with a prevalence of Gly. Both possible sequences -GlyGln- and -GlnGly- were also detected. |
Diaz, C; Valenzuela, M L; Carrillo, D; Riquelme, J; Diaz, R The Inclusion of Organometallic Derivatives of Cyclotriphosphazenes inside Sio2 Matrix and Their Conversion to Nanostructured Metal-Oxides and Phosphates Artículo de revista Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials, 22 (5), pp. 1101-1112, 2012, ISSN: 1574-1443. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: bridged catalyst, copper cyclotriphospahzenes, mesoporous metallic nanoparticles, nanostructures, phosphoric-acid polysilsesquioxanes, precursors, silica, sol-gel sol-gel, synthesis, thermolytic thin-films, transformation, xerogel @article{RN88, title = {The Inclusion of Organometallic Derivatives of Cyclotriphosphazenes inside Sio2 Matrix and Their Conversion to Nanostructured Metal-Oxides and Phosphates}, author = { C. Diaz and M.L. Valenzuela and D. Carrillo and J. Riquelme and R. Diaz}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000307754600022}, doi = {10.1007/s10904-012-9692-x}, issn = {1574-1443}, year = {2012}, date = {2012-01-01}, journal = {Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials}, volume = {22}, number = {5}, pages = {1101-1112}, abstract = {Organometallic derivatives of the cyclotriphosphazene N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot TiClCp2](6) (1), N3P3(O6H5)(5)[OC6H4N center dot W(CO)(5)] (2), N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot Mo(CO)(5)](6) (3), [N3P3(O6H5)(5)(OC5H4N center dot CpRu(PPh3)(2))][PF6] (4), [N3P3(O2C12H8)(2)OC5H4N center dot Ag(PPh3)][OSO2CF3] (5), N3P3[OC6H5](5) [OC5H4N center dot Cu][PF6] (6) and N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot CuCl](6)[PF6](6) (7),were incorporated inside SiO2 through the sol-gel method. The metal-organic nanocomposites of the general formula N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot TiClCp2](6)center dot nSiO(2) (G (1) ), N3P3[OC6H4N center dot W(CO)(5)]center dot nSiO(2) (G (2) ), N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot Mo(CO)(5)](6)center dot nSiO(2) (G (3) ), N3P3(O6H5)(5)OC5H4N center dot CpRu(PPh3)(2)][PF6]center dot nSiO(2) (G (4) ), [N3P3(O2C12H8)(2)OC5H4N center dot Ag(PPh3)][OSO2CF3]center dot nSiO(2) (G (5) ), N3P3[OC6H5](5)[OC5H4N center dot Cu][PF6]center dot(SiO2) (n) (G (6) ), and N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot CuCl](6)[PF6](6)center dot(SiO2) (n) (G (7) ), were characterized by IR spectroscopy; C-12, (31) P and Si-29 MAS NMR measurements as well as UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra, indicating the presence of the respective organometallic derivatives of the cyclotriphosphazene incorporated into SiO2. Pyrolysis of these nanocomposites under air at 800 A degrees C gives rise to nanostructured metal-oxides and metal phosphates incorporated into amorphous SiO2, with the presence in some cases of complexes phase mixtures. From some precursors, we obtained metal-oxides/phosphates nanoparticles separated from the SiO2 nanoparticles instead the oxides/phosphates nanoparticles inside the SiO2 matrix. Additionally and for comparison purposes, we used the compound N3P3[NH(CH2)(3)Si(OEt)(3)](6) as gelator. Nanocomposites (G' (1) ), (G' (2) ) and (G' (3) ) exhibited mainly morphological differences while in some cases composition differences when using TEOS as gelator., Some simple metal-containing compounds as (O3SCF3)Ag(PPh3)(HOC5H4N), [CuCl2 center dot NC5H4OH] and [CuCl2 center dot NCCH2C6H4OH]-which are useful models of the most complexes (G (5) ), (G (6) ) and (G (7) ) were also prepared and incorporated in amorphous silica. Their pyrolytic products were compared with those of more complex cyclotriphosphazene analogous. Interestingly, the pyrolysis of the nanocomposite [(O3SCF3)Ag(PPh3)(HOC5H4N)][SiO2] (n) affords the firstly-reported materials containing Ag2O along with SiO2 nanoparticles.}, keywords = {bridged catalyst, copper cyclotriphospahzenes, mesoporous metallic nanoparticles, nanostructures, phosphoric-acid polysilsesquioxanes, precursors, silica, sol-gel sol-gel, synthesis, thermolytic thin-films, transformation, xerogel}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } Organometallic derivatives of the cyclotriphosphazene N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot TiClCp2](6) (1), N3P3(O6H5)(5)[OC6H4N center dot W(CO)(5)] (2), N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot Mo(CO)(5)](6) (3), [N3P3(O6H5)(5)(OC5H4N center dot CpRu(PPh3)(2))][PF6] (4), [N3P3(O2C12H8)(2)OC5H4N center dot Ag(PPh3)][OSO2CF3] (5), N3P3[OC6H5](5) [OC5H4N center dot Cu][PF6] (6) and N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot CuCl](6)[PF6](6) (7),were incorporated inside SiO2 through the sol-gel method. The metal-organic nanocomposites of the general formula N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot TiClCp2](6)center dot nSiO(2) (G (1) ), N3P3[OC6H4N center dot W(CO)(5)]center dot nSiO(2) (G (2) ), N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot Mo(CO)(5)](6)center dot nSiO(2) (G (3) ), N3P3(O6H5)(5)OC5H4N center dot CpRu(PPh3)(2)][PF6]center dot nSiO(2) (G (4) ), [N3P3(O2C12H8)(2)OC5H4N center dot Ag(PPh3)][OSO2CF3]center dot nSiO(2) (G (5) ), N3P3[OC6H5](5)[OC5H4N center dot Cu][PF6]center dot(SiO2) (n) (G (6) ), and N3P3[OC6H4CH2CN center dot CuCl](6)[PF6](6)center dot(SiO2) (n) (G (7) ), were characterized by IR spectroscopy; C-12, (31) P and Si-29 MAS NMR measurements as well as UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra, indicating the presence of the respective organometallic derivatives of the cyclotriphosphazene incorporated into SiO2. Pyrolysis of these nanocomposites under air at 800 A degrees C gives rise to nanostructured metal-oxides and metal phosphates incorporated into amorphous SiO2, with the presence in some cases of complexes phase mixtures. From some precursors, we obtained metal-oxides/phosphates nanoparticles separated from the SiO2 nanoparticles instead the oxides/phosphates nanoparticles inside the SiO2 matrix. Additionally and for comparison purposes, we used the compound N3P3[NH(CH2)(3)Si(OEt)(3)](6) as gelator. Nanocomposites (G' (1) ), (G' (2) ) and (G' (3) ) exhibited mainly morphological differences while in some cases composition differences when using TEOS as gelator., Some simple metal-containing compounds as (O3SCF3)Ag(PPh3)(HOC5H4N), [CuCl2 center dot NC5H4OH] and [CuCl2 center dot NCCH2C6H4OH]-which are useful models of the most complexes (G (5) ), (G (6) ) and (G (7) ) were also prepared and incorporated in amorphous silica. Their pyrolytic products were compared with those of more complex cyclotriphosphazene analogous. Interestingly, the pyrolysis of the nanocomposite [(O3SCF3)Ag(PPh3)(HOC5H4N)][SiO2] (n) affords the firstly-reported materials containing Ag2O along with SiO2 nanoparticles. |
2011 |
Leyton, P; Zarate, R A; Fuentes, S; Paipa, C; Gomez-Jeria, J S; Leyton, Y Influence of Aluminum Oxide on the Prebiotic Thermal Synthesis of Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(N) Polymer Artículo de revista Biosystems, 104 (2-3), pp. 118-126, 2011, ISSN: 0303-2647. Resumen | Enlaces | BibTeX | Etiquetas: amino-acid-sequences, analysis, bond chemistry, conditions, crystalline diketopiperazine, earth formation formation, glutamic glycine ir-spectra, peptide prebiotic primitive pyroglutamic reaction, spectroscopy, synthesis, thermal vibrational @article{RN27d, title = {Influence of Aluminum Oxide on the Prebiotic Thermal Synthesis of Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(N) Polymer}, author = { P. Leyton and R.A. Zarate and S. Fuentes and C. Paipa and J.S. Gomez-Jeria and Y. Leyton}, url = {/brokenurl#<Go to ISI>://WOS:000290194500006}, doi = {10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.01.008}, issn = {0303-2647}, year = {2011}, date = {2011-01-01}, journal = {Biosystems}, volume = {104}, number = {2-3}, pages = {118-126}, publisher = {2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd.}, abstract = {The effect of the aluminum oxide on the thermal synthesis of the glycine-glutamic acid (Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) polymer is described. The thermal synthesis in the molten state was carried out in the absence and presence of the oxide. In both cases, the vibrational spectra showed characteristic group frequencies corresponding predominantly to a Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) sequence in the polymeric structure. The theoretical spectral data support the experimental proposed Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) sequence for the polymer. The SEM-EDX characterization of the solid phase involved in the thermal synthesis showed that the aluminum oxide participates as a site for nucleation and growth of the polymer, explaining the increase of 25% efficiency in the presence of aluminum oxide. Electrophoresis data show shorter polypeptide chains in the presence of aluminum oxide.}, keywords = {amino-acid-sequences, analysis, bond chemistry, conditions, crystalline diketopiperazine, earth formation formation, glutamic glycine ir-spectra, peptide prebiotic primitive pyroglutamic reaction, spectroscopy, synthesis, thermal vibrational}, pubstate = {published}, tppubtype = {article} } The effect of the aluminum oxide on the thermal synthesis of the glycine-glutamic acid (Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) polymer is described. The thermal synthesis in the molten state was carried out in the absence and presence of the oxide. In both cases, the vibrational spectra showed characteristic group frequencies corresponding predominantly to a Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) sequence in the polymeric structure. The theoretical spectral data support the experimental proposed Gly-Glu-(Gly-Glu)(n) sequence for the polymer. The SEM-EDX characterization of the solid phase involved in the thermal synthesis showed that the aluminum oxide participates as a site for nucleation and growth of the polymer, explaining the increase of 25% efficiency in the presence of aluminum oxide. Electrophoresis data show shorter polypeptide chains in the presence of aluminum oxide. |